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Consequentialism - Ministry of Ethics .co.uk Daniel Schiff, MS and Jason Borenstein, PhD, Confidentiality/Duty to protect confidential information, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php, https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/, http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/fdna-launches-app-based-tool-clinicians-using-facial-recognition-ai-and-genetic-big-data, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/can-your-face-reveal-how-long-youll-live-new-technology-may-provide-the-answer/2014/07/02/640bacb4-f748-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html, https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/, https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/ehr-provider-touts-mhealth-access-by-apples-facial-recognition-app, https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b, https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/09/06/ten-things-everyone-should-know-about-machine-learning, https://undark.org/article/facial-recognition-technology-biased-understudied/, https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-algorithms-reveal-sexual-orientation-or-just-expose-our-stereotypes-d998fafdf477, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604087/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai/, http://www.clinicalinformaticsnews.com/2017/10/06/3d-facial-recognition-gives-healthcare-data-a-new-look.aspx, https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/, https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html. A person should do whatever leads to the best consequence. Broader influence of FRT. The lack of respect for the integrity of the individual is raised by Bernard Williams famous Jim and the Indians thought experiment, quoted above. For example, if I have the choice between saving one of my two cats, Benjy and Oliver, from a house fire, I should save the cat that would produce the most utility over the other one. Williams furthers this explanation; making the best of a bad job is one of its maxims, and it will have something to say even on the difference between massacring seven million, and massacring seven million and one (Consequentialism and its Critics, 1988). Protecting your patients interests in the era of big data, artificial intelligence, and predictive analytics. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The site is secure. The most famous form of consequentialist ethics is utilitarianism which was first proposed by Jeremy Bentham and then furthered by John Stuart Mill in the 19th century. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. You can read the details below.
Deontological Ethics - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy The consequentialism theory supports the decision because it has more benefits than harm. An example of consequentialism is utilitarianism. The principle of utilitarianism invites us to consider the immediate and the less immediate consequences of our actions. Utilitarianism in this instance appears to give the morally incorrect answer. Consequentialism is a normative ethical theory, which means, it is a theory about ethical action and a proposed method for deciding how one should choose the right ethical act. 2. Does the pain that Jim would feel not need to be taken into account when looking at the best overall outcome? Consequentialists may try to respond by arguing that alienation and taking an impersonal standpoint can be a virtue, but this seems a high price to pay if the agent is expected to disregard her most fundamental relationships, leaving her deeply unhappy. Nicole Martinez-Martin, JD, PhD is a postdoctoral fellow at the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics in Stanford, California. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted
Consequentialism - Ethics Unwrapped X. Mack H. FDNA launches app-based tool for clinicians using facial recognition, AI and genetic big data to improve rare disease diagnosis and treatment. The pros and cons of utilitarianism show us that there is a time and place where these principles offer a potential benefit to society. First, as it is the general performance of all people that is collectively coordinated to promote the overall good, rule-consequentialism may distribute a fair share of the burden to all participants in society (Mulgan 2001, p. 54). This helps prevent a surge of infected patients in the existing healthcare facilities. Facial shape analysis identifies valid cues to aspects of physiological health in Caucasian, Asian, and African populations. 8600 Rockville Pike Provide a clear and easy-to-understand guidelines. The consequentialist could retort that in calculating what course of action is right, the individuals integrity can be taken into account. This structure means that the ends often justify the means when seeking to create a specific result. The use of FRT in health care suggests the importance of informed consent, data input and analysis quality, effective communication about incidental findings, and potential influence on patient-clinician relationships. So what exactly is wrong with it? Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance.
Tunkelang D. Ten things everyone should know about machine learning. Automatic face classification of Cushings syndrome in womena novel screening approach. Bookshelf In other words, the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest amount of happiness or welfare.
A Brief Introduction to Consequentialism Ethics - Benjamin Spall Finally, Mill also claims that happiness is the only thing that is desirable in itself as an end. July 2, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/can-your-face-reveal-how-long-youll-live-new-technology-may-provide-the-answer/2014/07/02/640bacb4-f748-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html. PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Consequentialism, Deontology 1. Accessed October 26, 2018. Facial recognition software success rates for the identification of 3D surface reconstructed facial images: implications for patient privacy and security. Borsos Z, Gyori M. Can automated facial expression analysis show differences between autism and typical functioning? 2017;8:1883. Discussion: Consequentialism is the position that morality is determined by the outcome of good or bad consequences caused by a person's actions. Privacy and data protections are key to advancing FRT and making it helpful. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 28th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE); May 3-6, 2015; Halifax, Canada:1199-1202. Beneficence and non-maleficence to weigh out the benefits and the duty of doing no harm to subsequently consider what is in the patient's best interest. In practice this a very difficult thing to do to step outside of the values we have been brought up with and the state of being alienated itself often causes unhappiness within the individual. However, having evolved from a set of Christian values and principles, it retains certain deontological characteristics. The more good consequences an act produces, the better or more right that act. Is a theory of moral obligation their proponent puts it forth as a framework within which a person can correctly determine, on any given occasion, what he or she (morally) ought to do [ 2 ]. It is a problem that consequentialism forces us to take an impersonal, objective view of situations and override some of our most cherished beliefs because of its requirement that we focus exclusively on the final result. Some consequentialists even argue that alienation is necessary for social progress. PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Consequentialism, Deontology, Physical Education and Health Education Faculty. By saying that Jim should shoot the one Indian the consequentialist fails to take into account the impact that this would have on Jims life. John Stuart Mill, a student of Benthams, disagreed. Consequentialism is a type of normative ethical theory which states that the moral quality of an action is completely determined by its consequences, and nothing else. For example, if FRT diagnostic software develops to the point that it is used not just to augment but to replace a physicians judgment, ethical and legal questions may arise regarding which entity appropriately has liability.41 Or if FRT is used to monitor compliance, track patients whereabouts, or assist in other kinds of surveillance, patients trust in physicians could be eroded, undermining the therapeutic alliance. Now we will look at an example of how utilitarianism may be used in a medical context. Information. This is a worldview without tragedy or realism. iEthics: An Interprofessional Ethics Curriculum. Gates KA. A requirement to uphold the confidentiality of information shared in the physician-patient relationship is a central tenet of medical professionalism that, while at risk and undermined in various ways in modern medicine [1], has been consistently endorsed from the time of Hippocrates. Of course, if Jim refuses, then there is no special occasion, and Pedro here will do what he was about to do when Jim arrived, and kill them all The men against the wall and the other villagers understand the situation, and are obviously begging him to accept.
15 Utilitarianism Advantages and Disadvantages - ConnectUS McCullom R. Facial recognition technology is both biased and understudied. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted It means any ethical theory which judges the rightness or wrongness of an action on whether or not the outcome is good or bad.
Impact on Human Health Due to Ghaggar Water Pollution Consequentialism And Abortion - 1828 Words | Internet Public Library Background: Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. Use of facial recognition technology for medical purposes: balancing privacy with innovation. In this example: A hospital has limited capacity to deal with Covid-19 patients and is having to decide between admitting a 20 year old patient, who is fit and well, and a 75 year old patient, who has a history of heart disease, to their last available ventilator. So, to decide whether or not to take some step, we must calculate whether it will produce the best overall outcome for the highest number of people. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Employers might also be interested in using FRT tools to predict mood or behavior as well as to predict longevity, particularly for use in wellness programs to lower employers health care costs. Using the example of Jim and the Indians, Williams successfully illustrates that consequentialism fails to respect the integrity of the individual because in deciding what is wrong or right what really matters is not the action but the outcome of it.