->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. /F4 24 0 R >> /GS7 27 0 R 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . What is conformity? /Contents 39 0 R 11 [312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R << . [>>>] Under what conditions are people most likely to help? << The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI]
Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion: Central vs. Peripheral Psychology of Social Behaviors Cheat Sheet - Nave Scientist: need to Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. 25 0 obj 18 . meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours 7,000 & 6,000 \\ What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? Olivier . Aug 2016. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. 12 0 obj /CS /DeviceRGB This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! << [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. >> 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. << /Tabs /S For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /Resources << /F3 23 0 R
Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. /Subtype /TrueType Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. /F1 21 0 R /Group << endobj First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? >> [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur.
PDF SOCIAL COGNITION - SAGE Publications Inc /StructParents 8 Contents. endobj -Social comparison: idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people /Font << >> 0 333 0 667 556 833 667 722 0 0 /GS7 27 0 R How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? a. Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) How does the brain respond to social rejection?
Chapter 3 Flashcards | Chegg.com [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. What is the "door-in-the-face" technique?
Cognitive miser Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2 ->paying an increase of the original price for extras It is an important concept in social cognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science.
Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, and Social - YouTube /Name /F1 << April 2013 . Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. /GS8 28 0 R In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. The cognitive miser theory is an . endobj >> 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. /GS8 28 0 R /FirstChar 32 Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Tabs /S -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 endobj Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. /F1 21 0 R variability, when the category is. Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? /Group << [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous /Subtype /Type1 Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. >> As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. What are behavioral consequences of the threat of isolation? What causes deindividuation? Our pages contain various quotes with which our editorial team does not always agree. /F4 24 0 R endobj . endobj /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) -Becoming less pervasive -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups.
PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Font << [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. /Type /Page This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? >> 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R /FontDescriptor 363 0 R /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] In par-ticular, this need . /FirstChar 32 << Keith Stanovich . Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Footer /Sect -2008 first black president Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). women, gay people, Asians), Event schemas/scripts: knowledge structures about events(e.g. What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R Which is viewed as more homogeneous? [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. /Type /Page /Group << >>
Why are people so incredibly gullible? - BBC Future -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. -In group: (us) When can it enhance social behavior? Distinguish between a durable consumer good and a nondurable consumer good. /F1 21 0 R 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. << stream Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation.
Week 3 Social Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. /Artifact /Sect As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. as. -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite 2 . endobj HWKoFW. >>
They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R] 3 0 obj Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. /Group << ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. /Type /Group The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts.
Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R /F2 22 0 R /Subtype /Type1 >> However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". >> [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /Pages 2 0 R <> Barr . [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. We'll bring you back here when you are done. endobj 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R /Chartsheet /Part /CS /DeviceRGB System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Annots [51 0 R] People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. Gordon . What does WEIRD refer to? Before this, human thinking was. >> What is social facilitation? continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts /CS /DeviceRGB /Type /Page What is social loafing? /F1 21 0 R /Parent 2 0 R The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? Activated actor c. Cognitive miser d. Motivated tactician 11. << /F6 26 0 R -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? /GS8 28 0 R traits associated with the stereotype. << 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] >> affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. Wim . /Type /Group /F1 21 0 R First proposed in 1958 by Fritz Heider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. /Type /Font Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R << 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. It spans a topic. [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Parent 2 0 R [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? That's it. 17 0 obj /Font << /CS /DeviceRGB On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. >> What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. /Type /Page The cognitive miser and focal bias . /ExtGState << /Name /F2 /GS7 27 0 R What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . /F6 26 0 R /S /Transparency The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . 7 [218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R