which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality? which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

Postconditioning, or after learning has occurred, establishes a new and not naturally occurring relationship of a conditioned stimulus (CS; previously the NS) and conditioned response (CR; the same response). They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. Todays techniques are much more sophisticated and have been used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and some personality and anxiety disorders. And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. As such, he continues to steal her toys. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. Simply, she placed the child in one end of a room and then brought in the rabbit. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. c. depression. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. d. psychodynamic. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. c. humanistic-existential Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? What form do these consequences take? A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? d. the ways in which women express their femininity. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. According to Mental Health America, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. c. humanistic-existential A perfect run will not be possible because "I'm going to screw up!" Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. Psychosurgery. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. c. manifest content. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. 109. For communication, decide if the problem is related to speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations. c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . This newer type of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes recognizing problematic thoughts as thoughts rather than judging them, acting on them, or fruitlessly trying to change them. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. a. losing the dog b. having the dream over and over c. feeling panicked in the dream d. feeling stress about her mothers illness. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. b. accepting problematic thoughts. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. Through their training and their professional activities, clinical psychologists become very familiar with the definitions of various forms of abnormal behavior and the ways it differs from normal behavior. 75. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. c. people are driven to self-actualize. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. C) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. c. intellectualization. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. Consider your parents for a minute. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. "That's all right. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. PSYC 1101 Review for Chapter 12 - Subjecto.com c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. Continuous or partial? c. repression. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. b. existential therapy. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. The brain. 2.2.2. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. c. double-blind studies. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. c. unconditional positive regard. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. How so? As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. c. psychodynamic. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. 2.3.3.3. 2.2.1.6. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Dealing with anxiety. Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. The answer is yes, and one of two outcomes is possible. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. b. rationalization. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. This approach to learning was called connectionism. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Hormonal imbalances. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. 23. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. 56. 81. d. projection. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. d. ego ideal. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? In Module 3, we will discuss diagnosing and classifying abnormal behavior from the perspective of the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text-Revision). The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. Notice how the line has dropped below -70mV. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. c. ineffective treatment options. 119. a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). c. axons. What is learning and what forms does it take? a. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. 15. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? d. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. List and describe the models of abnormality. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. Evaluate the usefulness of the behavioral model. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. 114. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. c. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. First, the response is made, and nothing happens. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. 33. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. 87. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. They were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. b. ego. In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. c. irrational patterns of thinking. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. You are doing your best. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. d. quaternary prevention. a. gestalt All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. b. This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. Operant conditioning. c. psychodynamic b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. 100. This thought is an example of: a. depression. Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. a. psychodynamic c. paradigms. b. operant conditioning. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: a. cognition-focused therapists. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? d. fear. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate? 41. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. Treatment starts with determining situations in which assertiveness is lacking and developing a hierarchy of assertiveness opportunities. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. c. sociocultural In this case, extinction continues. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. d. cognition-focused. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders.