margin: 1em 0; Little, Brown And Company, line-height: 29px; Therefore, tumor burden should be determined by evaluating all of the following: General clinical signs must also be assessed. Sites involving the face, limbs or perineum, as there is little to no space for tumor growth and expansion, and resulting tumors may interfere with eating and drinking. box-shadow: none !important; (7) Canadian Council on Animal Care Dante The Opera Artists; Dante Virtual Opera; Divine Comedy; About IOT. Scale bars, 0.2 cm (E), 400 m (F), and 200 m (G,H). The PI or a designated lab member must provide each cage with a unique cage number on the blue flag using a permanent marker. Molecular Aspects and Future Perspectives of Cytokine-Based Anti-cancer Immunotherapy. Tumor Ulceration. In the absence of reliable laboratory-based assays, animals with leukemia or lymphomas should be observed for early clinical signs such as anemia, loss of condition or weight, and enlargement of the spleen and lymph nodes. Isolation of the cells: For each cell line, a 5mm diameter piece of tissue was harvested from solid PDAC arising in a C57BL/6 KPC mouse into DMEM. Comment in Cancer. line-height: 29px; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center; DietGelBoost, ClearH2Oshigh-energy nutritional supplement for rodents, is used extensivelyin oncology research, to support the health of weak and debilitated animals, dealing with weight loss. Youtube Playlists Not Working 2020, FOIA })(); b. Variables: Clinical signs which may be associated with tumor progression include 1. showed significantly inhibitory effects on the tumor growth with the best TGI value of 52.9% (p < 0.05), better than that of the reference drug, Atezolizumab (40.77%). 2. tumor site, growth rate, invasion, distension, ulceration, metastasis, and production of cachectic factors. Epub 2017 Sep 14. Key role of angiogenesis in tumor growth and metastasis based on accumulating evidence and recent progress of immunotherapy have led us to investigate vaccine therapy targeting tumor angiogenesis. Review and Approval of Animal Study Proposals and Significant Changes. Ulcerated tumor shows visible signs of infection. Evaluating tumor burden based exclusively on a percentage of body weight is generally not acceptable. Animals with ulcerated tumors must be monitored daily including weekends and . The new derivatives were prepared through suitable arylhydrazines, and upon successive conversion first . Designing of compounds should be explored. A cancer thats left untreated for many months or years can grow upwards and into the skin. AquaPak GET A FREE SAMPLE NOW! Kittens In A Cage Episode 1, .panel-grid-cell .widget-title { Records must be kept and be available in the animal room with all pertinent information including time and frequency of monitoring sessions, the name of the person monitoring the animals, identification of the animals, protocol number, the number of animals displaying symptoms, types of symptoms, and any treatments given to the animals. Simpson S, Rizvanov AA, Jeyapalan JN, de Brot S, Rutland CS.
mouse tumor ulceration - fondation-fhb.org View Boston University's policy on and to reach consensus with the PI bearing experimental endpoints in mind. Si vous continuez utiliser ce site, nous supposerons que vous en tes satisfait. About IOT; The Saillant System; Flow Machine. Endpoints for mouse abdominal tumor models: refinement of current criteria. What Was The Significance Of The Battle Of Yorktown Quizlet, 2. tumor site, growth rate, invasion, distension, ulceration, metastasis, and production of cachectic factors. If the tumor is subcutaneous or on the skins surface, it can become large enough to interfere with the animals locomotion, grooming, and ability to eat and drink or other physiological functions or it may become a metabolic burden. } DOI: 10.1016/J.EJCA.2019.01.059 Corpus ID: 145891453; Prevention of tumor ulceration in mice - Mammary fat pad injection of tumor cells @article{Obodozie2019PreventionOT, title={Prevention of tumor ulceration in mice - Mammary fat pad injection of tumor cells}, author={Cynthia Obodozie and Janette Beshay and Bettina Stahnke and Gojko Bijelic and Sandra Moor and B. Giesen and Ulrike . } You are using an outdated browser. Tumors were most frequently found in the skin, with each mouse typically having multiple firm, slow-growing tumors, and the mice had to be euthanized 2-4 months after tumor appearance, usually because of tumor ulceration and occasionally because of limb paralysis . If tumor growth is rapid in the days before termination, twice daily monitoring may be necessary. rJ!6B5W'H#t{Fvcc >2\0J.WH)!y~9GK)G(Z+TUk#nw]? ISESCO An animal in chronic pain or distress that can not be relieved by analgesics must be euthanized unless prior scientific justification for these humane endpoints are approved by the IACUC. This way your doctor can pick up any early signs of problems. This review discusses the current immunocompetent and immunocompromised mouse models of human tumors that are used to evaluate the effectiveness of immunotherapeutic agents, in particular chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Author information: (1)The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Tucson, Arizona, USA. Lab Anim Sci 1999;49:319-323. So treatment aims to control the symptoms. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy change vessel tree geometry and metastatic spread in a small cell lung cancer xenograft mouse tumor model. In the syngeneic tumor mouse model, hPD-L1 expressing CT-26 cells (0.5 x 10. How the wound affects you will depend on where it is on your body. padding: 0 20px; " /> Many tumors grow rapidly and can compromise the health and well-being of the animal. This evaluation may be made either by mouse antibody production (MAP) testing or by polymerase chain reaction testing (PCR) at an approved contracted organization. June 12, 2022 . Any evidence of lethargy or other change in behavior, change in ambulation, diarrhea, neurological signs (e.g., circling, head tilt), or increased respiratory effort must be reported to the veterinary staff. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract [].The most common site of a GIST is the stomach (50-60% of cases) followed by the small intestine (30-35%), the large intestine and rectum (5%) and, most rarely, the esophagus ( 1%). } .entry-content table { font-size: 16px; University supervisors are responsible for promoting the understanding of this policy and for taking appropriate steps to help ensure compliance with it. You might be worried and embarrassed about other people noticing your wound.
Limonin ameliorates indomethacininduced intestinal damage and ulcers . Tumor ulceration shows no stabilization within 7 days of treatment. var ajax_sib_front_object = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-fhb.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_nonce":"cba8a458a1","flag_url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-fhb.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/mailin\/img\/flags\/"};
The KPC Model - THE OLIVE LABORATORY (10)Health Evaluation of ExperimentalLaboratory Mice Unexplained weight loss is often one of the first noticeable symptoms of cancers. background-color: #f5853b; Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 2007;46:111-111. Sites involving the special senses should be avoided.
Tumor: What Is It, Types, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention /*background-color: #9ac7ee;*/ Leukemia, for example, effects hematopoiesis and interferes with normal health because of anemia, cachexia, and weight loss without any other clinical signs., Frequency of monitoring will be determined by the growth characteristics of the tumor and the onset of critical phases in the experimental process or development of the tumor. Mice are good animals to create tumor models because they are low cost, have a short reproductive cycle, exhibit high tumor growth . Tumor monitoring records must be available to veterinary staff at all times. Knowledge of the origin, incidence, and time of onset of spontaneously developing tumors in the host animal is necessary if experiments or animal welfare are not to be compromised.3. 4. 1972) and the Leydig cell rat tumor (Cooke et al. About Cancer generously supported by Dangoor Education since 2010. Background Tumor vasculature is critical for tumor growth, formation of distant metastases and efficiency of radio- and chemotherapy treatments. } Body condition scoring: a rapid and accurate method for assessing health status in mice. DIJ9 $q?Hh$30}` *|
endstream
endobj
startxref
0
%%EOF
99 0 obj
<>stream
What Tv Show Did Barry Sullivan Play In, Tumor size will likely not be a useful parameter to monitor due to the inability to measure size or because of the sensitivity of areas to compressive lesions.
vertical-align: -0.1em !important; Appearance and Body Condition Score (BCS): a. BCS of 3: Normal; Score=0. Mouse Models of Cancer: Weight Loss, Endpoints and Nutritional Support. At the time of injection of tumor cells, each cage must be identified with an identifying tag on the corresponding cage card. Impaired mobility (the inability to reach food and water), Interference with a vital physiological function: this includes respiration, mastication, swallowing, urination, defecation, or locomotion, Location of the tumor on the animals belly or its inner leg causing the tumor to be abraded or to interfere with locomotion, Hunched abnormal posture for more than 48 hours, Labored breathing and cyanosis [bluish pinnae (ears) or feet or mucous membranes], Clinical dehydration and/or prolonged decreased food intake, Muscle atrophy and signs of lethargy and lack of physical activity, Weight loss/Body condition score less than 2, Chronic diarrhea or constipation for more than 48 hours, Hematological or biochemical values that indicate organ failure, Severe anemia [pale pinnae (ears) or feet or mucous membranes], Bloodstained or mucopurulent discharge from any orifice, Self-mutilation; lack of grooming behavior; rough/unkempt hair coat for more than 48 hours. In circumstances involving declining health status, moribundity, or unrelieved pain and discomfort, every attempt will be made contact the PIPrincipal Investigator
However, the obvious problem of these models is the high failure rate observed in human clinical trials after promising results obtained in mouse models. Nursing care may be given as indicated by the animals condition and consistent with the research goals. While the tumours do not usually spread to other tissues, they can grow very quickly, interfere with the rat's movement, and occasionally become ulcerated or infected. During the terminal phase, the animals should be inspected and continually assessed for early termination several times each day [daily according to BU policy]. Failure to comply with this and related policies is subject to disciplinary action, up to and including suspension without pay, or termination of employment or association with the University, in accordance with applicable (e.g., staff, faculty, student) disciplinary procedures. font-weight: bolder; Pharmacol. Previously, the anti-ulcer effects of KRG have been reported in water immersion stress-, serotonin-, and endotoxin-induced gastric ulcer models . While the growing tumor(s) may cause an increase in body weight, the general condition of the rodent may be decreased (i.e., loss of lean body mass), resulting in a relatively stable body weight but an unhealthy animal.
Venous Ulcer - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics See your doctor as soon as you notice any signs of an ulcerating tumour. However, those models can have some limitations: many of those studies use immunocompromised mice, with a subcutaneous implantation of the tumor tissue, which prevent immune responses and site specific interactions (3), thereby losing crucial features of the tumor microenvironment.
PDF Mouse Tumor Scoring - University of North Texas Recently, I implanted breast MDA-MB-231 tumor cells in NSG mice. This policy is not new; it was converted to the Universitys new policy template and re-reviewed by the IACUC at its convened meeting on June 5, 2020. Ullman-Cullere MH, Foltz CJ. What Was The Significance Of The Battle Of Yorktown Quizlet, Non Binding Agreement To Follow Common Policies, Council of Ministers of September 30, 2020, Celebration of the International Day of Peace 2020, Femajeci strengthens the capacities of Association Leaders, Conference on Houphoutology 2020 Photos, Network of Foundations and Institutions for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace in Africa. .date { Tumor ulceration is a common feature of this model, and animals with pronounced ulcerations were euthanized per veterinarian discretion and removed from subsequent survival analyses, yet represented here as dotted lines and further described in table S2. Mouse Tumor Scoring 1. Thyroid hormones are emerging as critical regulators of tumour growth and progression. background-color: #87cefa; border-top: 10px solid #33ac08; Those who dislike or have . .entry-content a{ .entry-meta, article.page .entry-header .entry-meta { Little, Brown And Company, b. BCS of 3: poor hair coat, decreased activity, normal posture and . NCI Frederick ACUC Guidelines Involving Experimental Neoplasia Proposals in Mice and Rats, 2006. ILAR J 2000;41:87-93, Workman P, Aboagye EO, Balkwill F, et al. Advances in the Application of Preclinical Models in Photodynamic Therapy for Tumor: A Narrative Review. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted (3) Mouse models for cancer research Zhang et al., 2011 ulcerated (any break in skin observed), or there are signs of infection . Shearing forces, friction, moisture, and pressure contribute to the development of these ulcers. #colophon #theme-attribution { 2020;8:402. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00402. In oncology especially, animalswith tumors may experience weight loss, distress or pain, and special care and attention need to be given to their health and welfare. A549 Cell Line Derived Xenograft. The Animal Science Center manages and oversees animal-relate Research Occupational Health Program (ROHP), Facilities and Administrative Costs and Analysis, Information Systems and Web-Based Applications, Public Health Service Financial Disclosure Agency List, Find your Department and Research Administrators, Advisory Council for Research Administration (ACRA), International Collaboration in Research & Scholarship, PAFO Onboarding Pack for Department Administrators, Spontaneous, Naturally Occuring Tumors and Masses, Tumor Assessment Techniques and Documentation, Pathogen Screening of Biological Materials Introduced into Rodents, Administration Of Drugs and Experimental Compounds in Mice and Rats, Use of Pharmaceutical-grade chemicals and other substances (IACUC), Prize Opportunity: 2023 Science and PINS Prize for Neuromodulation, Sponsored Research Tips: Roles and Responsibilities Matrix, NIH, AHRQ and HRSA Announce FY 2023 Updates to NRSA Stipends, Tuition/Fees and Other Budgetary Levels. color: #000000; Purpose In 2001, the new American Joint Committee on Cancer classification of cutaneous melanoma (CM) introduced ulceration of the primary melanoma as a new key parameter being represented in respective subcategories of the tumor (T) classification. Once animals become sick with the tumor it may be necessary to separate them and allow them more space to avoid cannibalism by cage mates. a deficient filling. (2000). Would you like email updates of new search results? Front. You can find below a handful of selected quotes onDietGelBoost usage formouse models of cancer. The IBC is an instituti review and approval. margin-top: 0;
Skin ulceration potential of paclitaxel in a mouse skin model in vivo Production Details. Bioeng. Ulceration of the skin overlying or surrounding tumors should result in removal of the animal from the study and euthanasia. All individuals to whom this policy applies are responsible for becoming familiar with and following this policy. None of the topical adjuvants or other ID adjuvants significantly reduced paclitaxelinduced skin ulcers in the mice. DARamasubbu (and others) }.
Mouth Ulcer: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic The sites were observed thrice weekly for evidence of ulceration. } In a syngeneic model, the tumor tissue was obtained from a mouse of the same genetic background as the immuno-competent recipient mouse. In most cases, ulcers caused by oral cancer appear on or under the tongue. Ulcerating cancers are sometimes called fungating cancers (tumours) or wounds. Tumors can affect bones, skin, tissue, organs and glands. 18-34-00738/Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Chulpanova D., Kitaeva K.V., Tazetdinova L.G., James V., Rizvanov A.A., Solovyeva V. Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Therapeutic Agent Delivery in Anti-tumor Treatment. . 2020;8:322. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00322. They may require supportive care such as food on the cage floor. 09/08/21 No tumor may exceed 1.5 cm (mouse) or 3.0 cm (rat) in any direction without an approved Exception request. All tumor-bearing rodents must be monitored to assess the progress of tumor growth and/or metastases. Ultimately, changes in PI3K were detected in 12% of the samples and 12% of . Mouse models in oncogenesis and cancer therapy. Antitumor activity of mIL12 mRNA did not require NK and NKT cells. Tumor cell survival assays may be used as surrogate endpoints in place of limiting clinical signs or death of the host., Spontaneous tumors can arise in most tissues, and their development most closely resembles the clinical course.
How to avoid ulcers in s.c. injected tumors - ResearchGate -, Chulpanova D.S., Kitaeva K.V., Green A.R., Rizvanov A.A., Solovyeva V.V. Many tumors are not cancer (they're benign). They can grow from a: A primary tumour means a tumour where the cancer started.
Full article: Practical pathology of aging mice - Taylor & Francis Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Reproduced and modified with permission . display: block; Surprisingly, some mice showed ulceration in their tumors at tumor size around 200-300 mm3 much below the humane endpoint.
PDF IACUC Guideline RODENT TUMOR AND CANCER MODELS KEY POINTS Endpoints are defined asthe points at which an experimental animals pain or distress is terminated, either by humanely euthanizingthe animal, ending the experimental procedures or providing treatment(7). doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad7118. (2)Maximizing mouse cancer models Frese & Tuveson, 2007 Wang X, Chan YS, Wong K, Yoshitake R, Sadava D, Synold TW, Frankel P, Twardowski PW, Lau C, Chen S. Cancers (Basel). Appearance and Body Condition Score (BCS): a. BCS of 3: Normal; Score=0.
Tumor Models in Rodents | University of Kentucky Research b. Variables: Clinical signs which may be associated with tumor progression include 1. body.layout-full { #footer-widgets aside { width : 25%; } @import url(//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:400&display=block); body,button,input,select,textarea { font-family: "Roboto"; font-weight: 400 } #masthead.site-header .hgroup h1 { font-family: "Roboto"; font-weight: 400 } #page-wrapper h1,#page-wrapper h2,#page-wrapper h3,#page-wrapper h4,#page-wrapper h5,#page-wrapper h6 { font-family: "Roboto"; font-weight: 400 } .main-navigation, .mobile-nav-frame, .mobile-nav-frame .title h3 { font-family: "Roboto"; font-weight: 400 } #masthead .hgroup h1, #masthead.masthead-logo-in-menu .logo > h1 { color: #000000 } #masthead .hgroup .support-text, #masthead .hgroup .site-description { font-size: 28px; color: #000000 } #page-title, article.post .entry-header h1.entry-title, article.page .entry-header h1.entry-title { font-size: 32px; color: #000000 } .entry-content { font-size: 16px } .entry-content, #comments .commentlist article .comment-meta a { color: #000000 } .entry-content h1, .entry-content h2, .entry-content h3, .entry-content h4, .entry-content h5, .entry-content h6, #comments .commentlist article .comment-author a, #comments .commentlist article .comment-author, #comments-title, #reply-title, #commentform label { color: #000000 } #comments-title, #reply-title { border-bottom-color: #000000 } .entry-content h1 { font-size: 32px } .entry-content h2 { font-size: 28px } .entry-content h3 { font-size: 24px } .entry-content h4 { font-size: 20px } .entry-content h5 { font-size: 18px } .entry-content h6 { font-size: 16px } #masthead .hgroup { padding-top: 25px; padding-bottom: 25px } .entry-content a, .entry-content a:visited, article.post .author-box .box-content .author-posts a:hover, #secondary a, #secondary a:visited, #masthead .hgroup a, #masthead .hgroup a:visited, .comment-form .logged-in-as a, .comment-form .logged-in-as a:visited { color: #f5853b } .entry-content a, .textwidget a { text-decoration: none } .entry-content a:hover, .entry-content a:focus, .entry-content a:active, #secondary a:hover, #masthead .hgroup a:hover, #masthead .hgroup a:focus, #masthead .hgroup a:active, .comment-form .logged-in-as a:hover, .comment-form .logged-in-as a:focus, .comment-form .logged-in-as a:active { color: #33ac08 } .main-navigation { background-color: #f5853b } .main-navigation a { color: #000000 } .main-navigation ul ul { background-color: #f5853b } .main-navigation ul ul a { color: #000000 } .main-navigation ul li:hover > a, .main-navigation ul li:focus > a, #search-icon #search-icon-icon:hover, #search-icon #search-icon-icon:focus { background-color: #ffffff } .main-navigation ul li:hover > a, .main-navigation ul li:focus > a, .main-navigation ul li:hover > a [class^="fa fa-"] { color: #f5853b } .main-navigation ul ul li:hover > a { background-color: #ffffff; color: #f5853b } .main-navigation [class^="fa fa-"], .main-navigation .mobile-nav-icon { color: #ffffff } #search-icon #search-icon-icon { background-color: #f5853b } #search-icon #search-icon-icon .vantage-icon-search { color: #ffffff } #search-icon #search-icon-icon:hover .vantage-icon-search, #search-icon #search-icon-icon:focus .vantage-icon-search { color: #f5853b } #search-icon .searchform { background-color: #ffffff } #search-icon .searchform input[name=s] { color: #000000 } .main-navigation ul li a { padding-top: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px } .main-navigation ul li a, #masthead.masthead-logo-in-menu .logo { padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px } .main-navigation ul li { font-size: 18px } a.button, button, html input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"], .post-navigation a, #image-navigation a, article.post .more-link, article.page .more-link, .paging-navigation a, .woocommerce #page-wrapper .button, .woocommerce a.button, .woocommerce .checkout-button, .woocommerce input.button, #infinite-handle span { background: #f5853b; border-color: #f1d46f } a.button:hover, button:hover, html input[type="button"]:hover, input[type="reset"]:hover, input[type="submit"]:hover, .post-navigation a:hover, #image-navigation a:hover, article.post .more-link:hover, article.page .more-link:hover, .paging-navigation a:hover, .woocommerce #page-wrapper .button:hover, .woocommerce a.button:hover, .woocommerce .checkout-button:hover, .woocommerce input.button:hover, .woocommerce input.button:disabled:hover, .woocommerce input.button:disabled[disabled]:hover, #infinite-handle span:hover { background: #f5853b } a.button:hover, button:hover, html input[type="button"]:hover, input[type="reset"]:hover, input[type="submit"]:hover, .post-navigation a:hover, #image-navigation a:hover, article.post .more-link:hover, article.page .more-link:hover, .paging-navigation a:hover, .woocommerce #page-wrapper .button:hover, .woocommerce a.button:hover, .woocommerce .checkout-button:hover, .woocommerce input.button:hover, #infinite-handle span:hover { opacity: 0.75; border-color: #f1d46f } a.button:focus, button:focus, html input[type="button"]:focus, input[type="reset"]:focus, input[type="submit"]:focus, .post-navigation a:focus, #image-navigation a:focus, article.post .more-link:focus, article.page .more-link:focus, .paging-navigation a:focus, .woocommerce #page-wrapper .button:focus, .woocommerce a.button:focus, .woocommerce .checkout-button:focus, .woocommerce input.button:focus, .woocommerce input.button:disabled:focus, .woocommerce input.button:disabled[disabled]:focus, #infinite-handle span:focus { background: #f5853b } a.button:focus, button:focus, html input[type="button"]:focus, input[type="reset"]:focus, input[type="submit"]:focus, .post-navigation a:focus, #image-navigation a:focus, article.post .more-link:focus, article.page .more-link:focus, .paging-navigation a:focus, .woocommerce #page-wrapper .button:focus, .woocommerce a.button:focus, .woocommerce .checkout-button:focus, .woocommerce input.button:focus, #infinite-handle span:focus { opacity: 0.75; border-color: #f1d46f } a.button, button, html input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"], .post-navigation a, #image-navigation a, article.post .more-link, article.page .more-link, .paging-navigation a, .woocommerce #page-wrapper .button, .woocommerce a.button, .woocommerce .checkout-button, .woocommerce input.button, .woocommerce #respond input#submit:hover, .woocommerce a.button:hover, .woocommerce button.button:hover, .woocommerce input.button:hover, .woocommerce input.button:disabled, .woocommerce input.button:disabled[disabled], .woocommerce input.button:disabled:hover, .woocommerce input.button:disabled[disabled]:hover, #infinite-handle span button { color: #ffffff } a.button, button, html input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"], .post-navigation a, #image-navigation a, article.post .more-link, article.page .more-link, .paging-navigation a, .woocommerce #page-wrapper .button, .woocommerce a.button, .woocommerce .checkout-button, .woocommerce input.button, #infinite-handle span button { text-shadow: none } a.button, button, html input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"], .post-navigation a, #image-navigation a, article.post .more-link, article.page .more-link, .paging-navigation a, .woocommerce #page-wrapper .button, .woocommerce a.button, .woocommerce .checkout-button, .woocommerce input.button, .woocommerce #respond input#submit.alt, .woocommerce a.button.alt, .woocommerce button.button.alt, .woocommerce input.button.alt, #infinite-handle span { -webkit-box-shadow: none; -moz-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none } #footer-widgets .widget .widget-title { color: #ffffff } #footer-widgets .widget { color: #ffffff } #colophon .widget_nav_menu .menu-item a { border-color: #ffffff } #footer-widgets .widget a, #footer-widgets .widget a:visited { color: #ffffff } #footer-widgets .widget a:hover, #footer-widgets .widget a:focus, #footer-widgets .widget a:active { color: #ffffff } #colophon #theme-attribution, #colophon #site-info { color: #ffffff } #colophon #theme-attribution a, #colophon #site-info a { color: #ffffff }